niedziela, 11 listopada 2018

5 UNIX / Linux e2fsck Command Examples

What is e2fsck?
5 e2fsck examples
Syntax and Options
Related Commands

What is e2fsck?

Check ext2, ext3, or ext4 filesystems.

5 e2fsck Examples

1. Check a partition

You should be root to execute this command. If not, you’ll get the following error message.

$ /sbin/e2fsck /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
/sbin/e2fsck: Permission denied while trying to open /dev/sdb1
You must have r/w access to the filesystem or be root

Also, the filesystem should not be mounted when you are performing the check. If it is mounted, you’ll get the following error message.

# e2fsck /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
e2fsck: Device or resource busy while trying to open /dev/sdb1
Filesystem mounted or opened exclusively by another program?

So, login to root, unmount the filesystem, and perform the check as shown below.

$ su -

# umount /home 

# e2fsck /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
/dev/sdb1: clean, 250/73187328 files, 26838739/146374231 blocks

2. Automatic repair using e2fsck

Using -p option, you can instruct e2fsck to check and automtically repair all issues without prompting you for confirmation.

# e2fsck -p /dev/sdb1

You can also use option -y, which will use “yes” answer to all the questions that are asked by the e2fsck command.

# e2fsck -y /dev/sdb1

3. Check only (no change) using e2fsck

Using -n option, you can instruct e2fsck to perform check only. i.e this will not make any changes to the filesystem, it will only check

# e2fsck -n /dev/sdb1

4. Force the filesystem check

When the filesystem is clean, it will not perform any checks, it will return the following message

# e2fsck /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
/dev/sdb1: clean, 250/73187328 files, 26838739/146374231 blocks

However, if you want to force the filesystem check, even when it is clean, use the -f option as shown below.

# e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/sdb1: 250/73187328 files (6.0% non-contiguous), 26838739/146374231 blocks

5. Display a progress bar during e2fsck check

Using -C option, you can specify a file descriptor, where e2fsck will send the output, which is useful when you are doing e2fsck from a shell script.

If you specify “-C 0”, it will display a progress bar while e2fsck is doing the check, which is useful, as you can see that it is doing something.

# e2fsck -f -C 0 /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.35 (28-Feb-2004)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
/dev/sdb1: |=====                                                   -  9.5%

Syntax and Options

Syntax:

e2fsck  [ -pacnyrdfkvtDFV ] [ -b superblock ] [ -B blocksize ] [ -l|-L bad_blocks_file ] [ -C fd ] [ -j external-journal ] [ -E extended_options ] device

Explain the option of the e2fsck command. e.g. of chmod shown below.

Short Option Long Option Option Description
-a Same as option -p. It is only for backward compatibility.
-b Using this option, you can specify an alternative superblock. Use this when the main superblock is corrupted. For filesystems with 1k blocksizes, a backup superblock can be found at block 8193; for filesystems with 2k blocksizes, at block 16384; and for 4k block‐sizes, at block 32768. Use mke2fs -n option to see additional backup superblocks. The mke2fs -b option, which specifies blocksize of the filesystem must be specified in order for the superblock locations that are printed out to be accurate
-B /td> Using this option it will search for the superblock using different block sizes. This option forces e2fsck to use only the specified superblock blocksize. If the superblock is not found, e2fsck will terminate with a fatal error.
-c Using this option it use badblocks program to do a read-only scan of the device in order to find any bad blocks. If any bad blocks are found, they are added to the bad block inode to prevent them from being allocated to a file or directory. If this option is specified twice, then the bad block scan will be done using a non-destructive read-write test.
-C Using this option it writes completion information to the specified file descriptor so that the progress of the filesystem check can be monitored. This option is typically used by programs which are running e2fsck.
-d Print debugging output. Not useful except to debug e2fsck command itself.
-D Use this option to optimize directories in filesystem. Does this by reindexing them, or by sorting and compressing directories for smaller directories, or for filesystems using traditional linear directories.
-E Using this option you can set e2fsck extended options. These are comma separated, and may take an argument using the equals (‘=’) sign. It supports ea_ver=extended_attribute_version and fragcheck
-f Force checking even if the file system seems clean
-F Flush the filesystem device’s buffer caches before beginning. Only really useful for doing e2fsck time trials.
-j Set the pathname where the external-journal for this filesystem can be found.
-k When combined with the -c option, any existing bad blocks in the bad blocks list are preserved, and any new bad blocks found by running badblocks(8) will be added to the existing bad blocks list.
-l Add the block numbers listed in the file specified by filename to the list of bad blocks.
-L Using this option set the bad blocks list to be the list of blocks specified by filename. (This option is the same as the -l option, except the bad blocks list is cleared before the blocks listed in the file are added to the bad blocks list.)
-n Using this option open the filesystem read-only, and assume an answer of `no’ to all questions. Allows e2fsck to be used non-interactively. This option may not be specified at the same time as the -p or -y options.
-p Automatically repair (“preen”) the file system. This option will cause e2fsck to automatically fix any filesystem problems that can be safely fixed without human intervention. If e2fsck discovers a problem which may require the system administrator to take additional corrective action, e2fsck will print a description of the problem and then exit with the value 4 logically or’ed into the exit code.
-r This option does nothing at all; it is provided only for backwards compatibility.
-t Print timing statistics for e2fsck. If this option is used twice, additional timing statistics are printed on a pass by pass basis.
-v Verbose mode.
-V Print version information and exit.
-y Assume an answer of `yes’ to all questions; allows e2fsck to be used non-interactively. Don’t use it when you are using -n or -p options.

The exit code returned by e2fsck is the sum of the following conditions:

  • 0 – No errors
  • 1 – File system errors corrected
  • 2 – File system errors corrected, system should
  • be rebooted
  • 4 – File system errors left uncorrected
  • 8 – Operational error
  • 16 – Usage or syntax error
  • 32 – E2fsck canceled by user request
  • 128 – Shared library error


Related Commands

e2fsck.conf
badblocks
dumpe2fs
debugfs
e2image
mke2fs
tune2fs

source

niedziela, 4 listopada 2018

8 Linux Bash Shell Readline Bind Command Examples

In bash shell, using bind command you can view and modify the readline keybindings.

You can also set a value to a readline variable, or macro, or function.

You can either put this in the .inputrc, you can add it using the bind command rom the command line.

In the command line, by default it uses the emacs keybinding, but you can change it to vi keybindings.

1. List all Readline Functions

Using -l option, you can view all the readline function names. There are around 150 functions that are available by default.

# bind -l
abort
accept-line
alias-expand-line
arrow-key-prefix
backward-byte
backward-char
backward-delete-char
backward-kill-line
backward-kill-word
backward-word
beginning-of-history
beginning-of-line
...

# bind -l | wc -l
154

2. Display Keybindings and Function Names

Use the -p option, which will display both the keybindings and the corresponding function names. This is very easy to read as shown below.

# bind -p
"\C-g": abort
"\C-x\C-g": abort
"\e\C-g": abort
"\C-j": accept-line
"\C-m": accept-line
"\C-b": backward-char
"\eOD": backward-char
"\e[D": backward-char
"\C-h": backward-delete-char
"\C-?": backward-delete-char
"\C-x\C-?": backward-kill-line
"\e\C-h": backward-kill-word
"\e\C-?": backward-kill-word

3. Display List based on Functions

You can also view list of all functions along with the bindingins where they appear. This is little bit easier to read, when you like to view all the keybindings for a particular function name.

When there are multiple keybindings for the name function, it displays only one line item in the output for that particular function as shown below.

# bind -P
abort can be found on "\C-g", "\C-x\C-g", "\e\C-g".
accept-line can be found on "\C-j", "\C-m".
alias-expand-line is not bound to any keys
arrow-key-prefix is not bound to any keys
backward-byte is not bound to any keys
backward-char can be found on "\C-b", "\eOD", "\e[D".
backward-delete-char can be found on "\C-h", "\C-?".
backward-kill-line can be found on "\C-x\C-?".
backward-kill-word can be found on "\e\C-h", "\e\C-?".
backward-word can be found on "\eOd", "\e[1;5D", "\e[5D", "\eb".
beginning-of-history can be found on "\e<".
beginning-of-line can be found on "\C-a", "\eOH", "\e[1~", "\e[H".
call-last-kbd-macro can be found on "\C-xe".
capitalize-word can be found on "\ec".
...

4. Read Keybindings from a File

For some reason, if you don't like to use the default ~/.intputrc file, you can also define your own custom keybindings in a different file.

For example, the following mybindings file has a custom keybindings.

# cat mybindings
"\C-i": yank

The following command will load the keybindings from the mybindings file

# bind -f mybindings
 
# bind -p | grep yank
"\C-i": yank

5. Query based on Function

If you want to view keybindings only for a specific function, use the query option -q as shown below.

The following displays keybindings only for the function yank.

# bind -q yank
yank can be invoked via "\C-i", "\C-y".

6. Remove a Keybinding based on Name

You can also unbind a keybinding using -u option. This will remove the key combinations that is assigned to a particular function.

The following will unbind the keys bound to yank function.

# bind -u yank

# bind -p | grep yank
# yank (not bound)

7. Remove a Keybinding based on Keys

Similar to the previous example, you can also remove keybindings based on key combinations (instead of the name).

The following will remove the keybinding that is assigned to Ctrl-i (which in this example is yank function)

# bind -r "\C-i"

# bind -p | grep yank
# yank (not bound)

8. Display Readline Variables

To view all the readline variables using -v option. You can use either -v or -V.

# bind -v
set bind-tty-special-chars on
set blink-matching-paren on
set byte-oriented off
set completion-ignore-case off
set convert-meta off
set disable-completion off
set echo-control-characters on
set enable-keypad off
set enable-meta-key on
set expand-tilde off
set history-preserve-point off
set horizontal-scroll-mode off
...
source

czwartek, 1 listopada 2018

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udp://109.121.134.121:1337/announce

udp://168.235.67.63:6969/announce

http://109.121.134.121:1337/announce

udp://178.33.73.26:2710/announce

http://178.33.73.26:2710/announce

http://85.17.19.180/announce

udp://85.17.19.180:80/announce

http://210.244.71.25:6969/announce

http://85.17.19.180/announce

niedziela, 21 października 2018

5 UNIX / Linux Compress Command Examples for Files and Directory

Compress is one of the compression utilities available on Linux.
This command does the compression and reduces the file size using the Lempel-Ziv algorithm.
The compressed file extension that is created by this utility is .Z

Please note that compress command is part of ncompress package, which contains utilities for fast compression and decompression.

1. Basic usage

As shown below, by default this will compress the given file, and create an compressed output file by appending .Z extension to the input file.
# compress users.txt

# ls -l
-rw-r--r--. 1 ramesh dba   1987453 Jan  2 11:03 users.txt.Z

2. Verbose Option

If you like to know how much compression it has done, use the verbose option: -v
As shown below, this will explain exactly what the command is doing:
# compress -v users.txt
users.txt:  -- replaced with users.txt.Z Compression: 28.00%

3. Use Standard Output

Instead of creating the default output file with .Z extension, you can also redirect the compressed output to just the standard-out, which will just spit out some non-printable character as shown below.
# compress -c users.txt
r´)3
êÐñÍ/,HQL7/ÄJ
)¨@Ín&\1FË/yaeÇ!G¢QP
Ê8¢E=oI
-c option is helpful only when you combine it with > and write the output to a different file as shown below. In this case, instead of creating the output file as users.txt.Z, it created as newfile.Z
# compress -c users.txt > newfile.Z

# ls -l
-rw-r--r--. 1 ramesh dba   1987453 Jan  2 11:05 newfile.Z

4. Force Compression

When the file already exist, compress command will prompt user before overwriting as shown below.
# compress users.txt
users.txt.Z already exists.
Do you wish to overwrite users.txt.Z (y or n)? n
users.txt.Z not overwritten
However, the above is not very helpful, when you are using compress inside a shell script, and when you know, it is Ok to overwrite an existing file. In that case, you can use -f option to force the compress command to overwrite the output file without prompting user as shown below.
# compress -f users.txt

5. Recursive Compression

When you use -r flag, it will compress all the files in the given directory and sub-directories recursively.
It is helpful to combine the -r option with -v to see exactly what the command is doing as shown below.
# compress -rv project1
project1/less.sh:  -- replaced with project1/less.sh.Z Compression: 2.77%
project1/glib2.csh:  -- replaced with project1/glib2.csh.Z Compression: 10.41%
project1/lang.sh:  -- replaced with project1/lang.sh.Z Compression: 54.13%
project1/which2.sh:  -- replaced with project1/which2.sh.Z Compression: 8.28%
The following output shows that the files inside the given directory are compressed successfully.
# ls -l  project1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  172 May 12 11:36 glib2.csh.Z
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1241 May 12 11:36 lang.sh.Z
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  105 May 12 11:36 less.sh.Z
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  155 May 12 11:36 which2.sh.Z
source

piątek, 20 lipca 2018

youtube-dl

youtube-dl --help
Usage: youtube-dl [OPTIONS] URL [URL...]

Options:
  General Options:
    -h, --help                       Print this help text and exit
    --version                        Print program version and exit
    -U, --update                     Update this program to latest version.
                                     Make sure that you have sufficient
                                     permissions (run with sudo if needed)
    -i, --ignore-errors              Continue on download errors, for example
                                     to skip unavailable videos in a playlist
    --abort-on-error                 Abort downloading of further videos (in
                                     the playlist or the command line) if an
                                     error occurs
    --dump-user-agent                Display the current browser
                                     identification
    --list-extractors                List all supported extractors
    --extractor-descriptions         Output descriptions of all supported
                                     extractors
    --force-generic-extractor        Force extraction to use the generic
                                     extractor
    --default-search PREFIX          Use this prefix for unqualified URLs.
                                     For example "gvsearch2:" downloads two
                                     videos from google videos for youtube-dl
                                     "large apple". Use the value "auto" to
                                     let youtube-dl guess ("auto_warning" to
                                     emit a warning when guessing). "error"
                                     just throws an error. The default value
                                     "fixup_error" repairs broken URLs, but
                                     emits an error if this is not possible
                                     instead of searching.
    --ignore-config                  Do not read configuration files. When
                                     given in the global configuration file
                                     /etc/youtube-dl.conf: Do not read the
                                     user configuration in ~/.config/youtube-
                                     dl/config (%APPDATA%/youtube-
                                     dl/config.txt on Windows)
    --config-location PATH           Location of the configuration file;
                                     either the path to the config or its
                                     containing directory.
    --flat-playlist                  Do not extract the videos of a playlist,
                                     only list them.
    --mark-watched                   Mark videos watched (YouTube only)
    --no-mark-watched                Do not mark videos watched (YouTube
                                     only)
    --no-color                       Do not emit color codes in output

  Network Options:
    --proxy URL                      Use the specified HTTP/HTTPS/SOCKS
                                     proxy. To enable experimental SOCKS
                                     proxy, specify a proper scheme. For
                                     example socks5://127.0.0.1:1080/. Pass
                                     in an empty string (--proxy "") for
                                     direct connection
    --socket-timeout SECONDS         Time to wait before giving up, in
                                     seconds
    --source-address IP              Client-side IP address to bind to
    -4, --force-ipv4                 Make all connections via IPv4
    -6, --force-ipv6                 Make all connections via IPv6

  Geo Restriction:
    --geo-verification-proxy URL     Use this proxy to verify the IP address
                                     for some geo-restricted sites. The
                                     default proxy specified by --proxy (or
                                     none, if the options is not present) is
                                     used for the actual downloading.
    --geo-bypass                     Bypass geographic restriction via faking
                                     X-Forwarded-For HTTP header
                                     (experimental)
    --no-geo-bypass                  Do not bypass geographic restriction via
                                     faking X-Forwarded-For HTTP header
                                     (experimental)
    --geo-bypass-country CODE        Force bypass geographic restriction with
                                     explicitly provided two-letter ISO
                                     3166-2 country code (experimental)

  Video Selection:
    --playlist-start NUMBER          Playlist video to start at (default is
                                     1)
    --playlist-end NUMBER            Playlist video to end at (default is
                                     last)
    --playlist-items ITEM_SPEC       Playlist video items to download.
                                     Specify indices of the videos in the
                                     playlist separated by commas like:
                                     "--playlist-items 1,2,5,8" if you want
                                     to download videos indexed 1, 2, 5, 8 in
                                     the playlist. You can specify range:
                                     "--playlist-items 1-3,7,10-13", it will
                                     download the videos at index 1, 2, 3, 7,
                                     10, 11, 12 and 13.
    --match-title REGEX              Download only matching titles (regex or
                                     caseless sub-string)
    --reject-title REGEX             Skip download for matching titles (regex
                                     or caseless sub-string)
    --max-downloads NUMBER           Abort after downloading NUMBER files
    --min-filesize SIZE              Do not download any videos smaller than
                                     SIZE (e.g. 50k or 44.6m)
    --max-filesize SIZE              Do not download any videos larger than
                                     SIZE (e.g. 50k or 44.6m)
    --date DATE                      Download only videos uploaded in this
                                     date
    --datebefore DATE                Download only videos uploaded on or
                                     before this date (i.e. inclusive)
    --dateafter DATE                 Download only videos uploaded on or
                                     after this date (i.e. inclusive)
    --min-views COUNT                Do not download any videos with less
                                     than COUNT views
    --max-views COUNT                Do not download any videos with more
                                     than COUNT views
    --match-filter FILTER            Generic video filter. Specify any key
                                     (see the "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for a list of
                                     available keys) to match if the key is
                                     present, !key to check if the key is not
                                     present, key > NUMBER (like
                                     "comment_count > 12", also works with
                                     >=, <, <=, !=, =) to compare against a
                                     number, key = 'LITERAL' (like "uploader
                                     = 'Mike Smith'", also works with !=) to
                                     match against a string literal and & to
                                     require multiple matches. Values which
                                     are not known are excluded unless you
                                     put a question mark (?) after the
                                     operator. For example, to only match
                                     videos that have been liked more than
                                     100 times and disliked less than 50
                                     times (or the dislike functionality is
                                     not available at the given service), but
                                     who also have a description, use
                                     --match-filter "like_count > 100 &
                                     dislike_count     --no-playlist                    Download only the video, if the URL
                                     refers to a video and a playlist.
    --yes-playlist                   Download the playlist, if the URL refers
                                     to a video and a playlist.
    --age-limit YEARS                Download only videos suitable for the
                                     given age
    --download-archive FILE          Download only videos not listed in the
                                     archive file. Record the IDs of all
                                     downloaded videos in it.
    --include-ads                    Download advertisements as well
                                     (experimental)

  Download Options:
    -r, --limit-rate RATE            Maximum download rate in bytes per
                                     second (e.g. 50K or 4.2M)
    -R, --retries RETRIES            Number of retries (default is 10), or
                                     "infinite".
    --fragment-retries RETRIES       Number of retries for a fragment
                                     (default is 10), or "infinite" (DASH,
                                     hlsnative and ISM)
    --skip-unavailable-fragments     Skip unavailable fragments (DASH,
                                     hlsnative and ISM)
    --abort-on-unavailable-fragment  Abort downloading when some fragment is
                                     not available
    --keep-fragments                 Keep downloaded fragments on disk after
                                     downloading is finished; fragments are
                                     erased by default
    --buffer-size SIZE               Size of download buffer (e.g. 1024 or
                                     16K) (default is 1024)
    --no-resize-buffer               Do not automatically adjust the buffer
                                     size. By default, the buffer size is
                                     automatically resized from an initial
                                     value of SIZE.
    --http-chunk-size SIZE           Size of a chunk for chunk-based HTTP
                                     downloading (e.g. 10485760 or 10M)
                                     (default is disabled). May be useful for
                                     bypassing bandwidth throttling imposed
                                     by a webserver (experimental)
    --playlist-reverse               Download playlist videos in reverse
                                     order
    --playlist-random                Download playlist videos in random order
    --xattr-set-filesize             Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with
                                     expected file size (experimental)
    --hls-prefer-native              Use the native HLS downloader instead of
                                     ffmpeg
    --hls-prefer-ffmpeg              Use ffmpeg instead of the native HLS
                                     downloader
    --hls-use-mpegts                 Use the mpegts container for HLS videos,
                                     allowing to play the video while
                                     downloading (some players may not be
                                     able to play it)
    --external-downloader COMMAND    Use the specified external downloader.
                                     Currently supports aria2c,avconv,axel,cu
                                     rl,ffmpeg,httpie,wget
    --external-downloader-args ARGS  Give these arguments to the external
                                     downloader

  Filesystem Options:
    -a, --batch-file FILE            File containing URLs to download ('-'
                                     for stdin)
    --id                             Use only video ID in file name
    -o, --output TEMPLATE            Output filename template, see the
                                     "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for all the info
    --autonumber-start NUMBER        Specify the start value for
                                     %(autonumber)s (default is 1)
    --restrict-filenames             Restrict filenames to only ASCII
                                     characters, and avoid "&" and spaces in
                                     filenames
    -w, --no-overwrites              Do not overwrite files
    -c, --continue                   Force resume of partially downloaded
                                     files. By default, youtube-dl will
                                     resume downloads if possible.
    --no-continue                    Do not resume partially downloaded files
                                     (restart from beginning)
    --no-part                        Do not use .part files - write directly
                                     into output file
    --no-mtime                       Do not use the Last-modified header to
                                     set the file modification time
    --write-description              Write video description to a
                                     .description file
    --write-info-json                Write video metadata to a .info.json
                                     file
    --write-annotations              Write video annotations to a
                                     .annotations.xml file
    --load-info-json FILE            JSON file containing the video
                                     information (created with the "--write-
                                     info-json" option)
    --cookies FILE                   File to read cookies from and dump
                                     cookie jar in
    --cache-dir DIR                  Location in the filesystem where
                                     youtube-dl can store some downloaded
                                     information permanently. By default
                                     $XDG_CACHE_HOME/youtube-dl or ~/.cache
                                     /youtube-dl . At the moment, only
                                     YouTube player files (for videos with
                                     obfuscated signatures) are cached, but
                                     that may change.
    --no-cache-dir                   Disable filesystem caching
    --rm-cache-dir                   Delete all filesystem cache files

  Thumbnail images:
    --write-thumbnail                Write thumbnail image to disk
    --write-all-thumbnails           Write all thumbnail image formats to
                                     disk
    --list-thumbnails                Simulate and list all available
                                     thumbnail formats

  Verbosity / Simulation Options:
    -q, --quiet                      Activate quiet mode
    --no-warnings                    Ignore warnings
    -s, --simulate                   Do not download the video and do not
                                     write anything to disk
    --skip-download                  Do not download the video
    -g, --get-url                    Simulate, quiet but print URL
    -e, --get-title                  Simulate, quiet but print title
    --get-id                         Simulate, quiet but print id
    --get-thumbnail                  Simulate, quiet but print thumbnail URL
    --get-description                Simulate, quiet but print video
                                     description
    --get-duration                   Simulate, quiet but print video length
    --get-filename                   Simulate, quiet but print output
                                     filename
    --get-format                     Simulate, quiet but print output format
    -j, --dump-json                  Simulate, quiet but print JSON
                                     information. See the "OUTPUT TEMPLATE"
                                     for a description of available keys.
    -J, --dump-single-json           Simulate, quiet but print JSON
                                     information for each command-line
                                     argument. If the URL refers to a
                                     playlist, dump the whole playlist
                                     information in a single line.
    --print-json                     Be quiet and print the video information
                                     as JSON (video is still being
                                     downloaded).
    --newline                        Output progress bar as new lines
    --no-progress                    Do not print progress bar
    --console-title                  Display progress in console titlebar
    -v, --verbose                    Print various debugging information
    --dump-pages                     Print downloaded pages encoded using
                                     base64 to debug problems (very verbose)
    --write-pages                    Write downloaded intermediary pages to
                                     files in the current directory to debug
                                     problems
    --print-traffic                  Display sent and read HTTP traffic
    -C, --call-home                  Contact the youtube-dl server for
                                     debugging
    --no-call-home                   Do NOT contact the youtube-dl server for
                                     debugging

  Workarounds:
    --encoding ENCODING              Force the specified encoding
                                     (experimental)
    --no-check-certificate           Suppress HTTPS certificate validation
    --prefer-insecure                Use an unencrypted connection to
                                     retrieve information about the video.
                                     (Currently supported only for YouTube)
    --user-agent UA                  Specify a custom user agent
    --referer URL                    Specify a custom referer, use if the
                                     video access is restricted to one domain
    --add-header FIELD:VALUE         Specify a custom HTTP header and its
                                     value, separated by a colon ':'. You can
                                     use this option multiple times
    --bidi-workaround                Work around terminals that lack
                                     bidirectional text support. Requires
                                     bidiv or fribidi executable in PATH
    --sleep-interval SECONDS         Number of seconds to sleep before each
                                     download when used alone or a lower
                                     bound of a range for randomized sleep
                                     before each download (minimum possible
                                     number of seconds to sleep) when used
                                     along with --max-sleep-interval.
    --max-sleep-interval SECONDS     Upper bound of a range for randomized
                                     sleep before each download (maximum
                                     possible number of seconds to sleep).
                                     Must only be used along with --min-
                                     sleep-interval.

  Video Format Options:
    -f, --format FORMAT              Video format code, see the "FORMAT
                                     SELECTION" for all the info
    --all-formats                    Download all available video formats
    --prefer-free-formats            Prefer free video formats unless a
                                     specific one is requested
    -F, --list-formats               List all available formats of requested
                                     videos
    --youtube-skip-dash-manifest     Do not download the DASH manifests and
                                     related data on YouTube videos
    --merge-output-format FORMAT     If a merge is required (e.g.
                                     bestvideo+bestaudio), output to given
                                     container format. One of mkv, mp4, ogg,
                                     webm, flv. Ignored if no merge is
                                     required

  Subtitle Options:
    --write-sub                      Write subtitle file
    --write-auto-sub                 Write automatically generated subtitle
                                     file (YouTube only)
    --all-subs                       Download all the available subtitles of
                                     the video
    --list-subs                      List all available subtitles for the
                                     video
    --sub-format FORMAT              Subtitle format, accepts formats
                                     preference, for example: "srt" or
                                     "ass/srt/best"
    --sub-lang LANGS                 Languages of the subtitles to download
                                     (optional) separated by commas, use
                                     --list-subs for available language tags

  Authentication Options:
    -u, --username USERNAME          Login with this account ID
    -p, --password PASSWORD          Account password. If this option is left
                                     out, youtube-dl will ask interactively.
    -2, --twofactor TWOFACTOR        Two-factor authentication code
    -n, --netrc                      Use .netrc authentication data
    --video-password PASSWORD        Video password (vimeo, smotri, youku)

  Adobe Pass Options:
    --ap-mso MSO                     Adobe Pass multiple-system operator (TV
                                     provider) identifier, use --ap-list-mso
                                     for a list of available MSOs
    --ap-username USERNAME           Multiple-system operator account login
    --ap-password PASSWORD           Multiple-system operator account
                                     password. If this option is left out,
                                     youtube-dl will ask interactively.
    --ap-list-mso                    List all supported multiple-system
                                     operators

  Post-processing Options:
    -x, --extract-audio              Convert video files to audio-only files
                                     (requires ffmpeg or avconv and ffprobe
                                     or avprobe)
    --audio-format FORMAT            Specify audio format: "best", "aac",
                                     "flac", "mp3", "m4a", "opus", "vorbis",
                                     or "wav"; "best" by default; No effect
                                     without -x
    --audio-quality QUALITY          Specify ffmpeg/avconv audio quality,
                                     insert a value between 0 (better) and 9
                                     (worse) for VBR or a specific bitrate
                                     like 128K (default 5)
    --recode-video FORMAT            Encode the video to another format if
                                     necessary (currently supported:
                                     mp4|flv|ogg|webm|mkv|avi)
    --postprocessor-args ARGS        Give these arguments to the
                                     postprocessor
    -k, --keep-video                 Keep the video file on disk after the
                                     post-processing; the video is erased by
                                     default
    --no-post-overwrites             Do not overwrite post-processed files;
                                     the post-processed files are overwritten
                                     by default
    --embed-subs                     Embed subtitles in the video (only for
                                     mp4, webm and mkv videos)
    --embed-thumbnail                Embed thumbnail in the audio as cover
                                     art
    --add-metadata                   Write metadata to the video file
    --metadata-from-title FORMAT     Parse additional metadata like song
                                     title / artist from the video title. The
                                     format syntax is the same as --output.
                                     Regular expression with named capture
                                     groups may also be used. The parsed
                                     parameters replace existing values.
                                     Example: --metadata-from-title
                                     "%(artist)s - %(title)s" matches a title
                                     like "Coldplay - Paradise". Example
                                     (regex): --metadata-from-title
                                     "(?P.+?) - (?P.+)"</p> <p>     --xattrs                         Write metadata to the video file's</p> <p>                                      xattrs (using dublin core and xdg</p> <p>                                      standards)</p> <p>     --fixup POLICY                   Automatically correct known faults of</p> <p>                                      the file. One of never (do nothing),</p> <p>                                      warn (only emit a warning),</p> <p>                                      detect_or_warn (the default; fix file if</p> <p>                                      we can, warn otherwise)</p> <p>     --prefer-avconv                  Prefer avconv over ffmpeg for running</p> <p>                                      the postprocessors (default)</p> <p>     --prefer-ffmpeg                  Prefer ffmpeg over avconv for running</p> <p>                                      the postprocessors</p> <p>     --ffmpeg-location PATH           Location of the ffmpeg/avconv binary;</p> <p>                                      either the path to the binary or its</p> <p>                                      containing directory.</p> <p>     --exec CMD                       Execute a command on the file after</p> <p>                                      downloading, similar to find's -exec</p> <p>                                      syntax. Example: --exec 'adb push {}</p> <p>                                      /sdcard/Music/ && rm {}'</p> <p>     --convert-subs FORMAT            Convert the subtitles to other format</p> <p>                                      (currently supported: srt|ass|vtt|lrc)</p> <p> <br></p>

środa, 13 czerwca 2018

How to retrieve EXIF data from the command line in Linux

Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif) – standard metadanych dla plików z obrazkami, wydany przez Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association.

If you want to make use of the EXIF data stored in a JPEG (.jpg or .jpeg) or TIFF (.tif or .tiff) file from the command line in Debian Linux — or most other Linux variants — here’s how.

Install ImageMagick to provide the identify command
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
Use identify command
identify -verbose /usr/share/backgrounds/WildWheat_by_Brian_Burt.jpg

identify -verbose /usr/share/backgrounds/WildWheat_by_Brian_Burt.jpg | grep "exif:"


exiftool - ExifTool can display image metadata information of a file or edit them

Syntax: exiftool [OPTIONS] FILE
exiftool "file name.extension" 

Consult the exiftool documentation for a full list of options.




Metadata information can also be exported to an html document:

exiftool -h "file name.extension" > example.html


poniedziałek, 11 czerwca 2018

linux hibernacja uswsusp

Narzędzia do wstrzymywania programów przestrzeni użytkownika Linuksa
 
Pakiet (znany również jako µswsusp, suspend-utils albo po prostu suspend)
zawiera programy do wstrzymywania działania oprogramowania przestrzeni
użytkownika dostępne w jądrach Linuksa od 2.6.17-rc1 i wyższych. Umożliwia
zapisywanie stanu systemu na dysku i wyłączenie zasilania. Po wznowieniu
systemu zostanie on przywrócony do stanu, w jakim został pozostawiony
(czasami nazywa się to hibernacją).

Zawiera on również program do wstrzymywania systemu do pamięci RAM po
zapisaniu stanu na dysku. W tym stanie system wciąż korzysta z zasilania,
ale jego wznowienie jest szybsze. Jeśli bateria wyczerpie się, system
wznawiany jest z dysku bez utraty danych.

Opcjonalną funkcjonalnością jest szyfrowanie migawki systemu.

Aby używać tego pakietu, konieczne jest jądro Linuksa w wersji 2.6.17-rc1
lub wyższej, skonfigurowane tak, aby mogło korzystać z initramfs.
Udostępnione są procedury obsługi zdarzeń (hooks) i skrypty do integracji z
narzędziami initramfs.